This is really neat! They’ve developed a new approach to search that uses 3-letter “trigrams” rather than tokenizing words, making it especially well-suited to code search. It converts regular expressions to trigram searches behind the scenes.

  Dmitry Gruzd — GitLab

This article about LLMs is by a regularly featured author here in the newsletter. It’s not, strictly speaking, directly SRE-related, but I really got a lot out of it, so I’m including it anyway.

  Lorin Hochstein

This one explains the difference between a soft and hard dependency, why it matters, and how to use this information to improve reliability. I like the section on soft dependencies evolving into hard dependencies when you’re not looking.

  Teiva Harsanyi — The Coder Cafe

In this post, we’ll walk through how we’re splitting apart our shared database into independently owned instances. We’ll explain how we defined the right boundaries, minimized risk during migrations, and built the tooling to make the process safe and scalable.

  Fabiana Scala and Tali Gutman — Datadog

At some point, the external dependencies which our systems rely on become so tightly coupled, large, and fundamental that should those foundations inevitably fail, that blame can actually go down in response to an incident.

This thought-provoking article explores why we’re more tolerant of outages from large tech companies like Google Cloud or Salesforce, and what this means for how we think about reliability engineering and incident response.

  Will Gallego

This practical guide shows how to use AWS Fault Injection Service (FIS) to perform chaos engineering experiments on self-managed Cassandra clusters. It walks through setting up experiments to test node failure scenarios and validate that applications can properly handle database outages through connection pooling and retry mechanisms.

  Hans Nesbitt and Lwanga Phillip — AWS

Klaviyo shares how they built an automated recovery system to handle billing usage tracking failures. The system uses S3 for data storage and SQS for message queuing to ensure that missed usage events are automatically recovered, eliminating manual intervention and reducing customer confusion.

  Kaavya Antony — Klaviyo

Final stretch! We’ve handled people and processes, now let’s crack the code side and stitch everything together into a four-stage framework you can reuse.

In case you missed them:

• part 1
• part 2

  Konstantin Rohleder — HelloFresh

If you focus too narrowly on preventing the specific details of the last incident, you’ll fail to identify the more general patterns that will enable your future incidents.

  Lorin Hochstein

An interesting thought: scaffolding our software systems to make them more robust might actually hamper our sociotechnical system’s overall resilience. I love the horticultural analogy.

  Stuart Rimell — Uptime Labs

As LLM services become more prevalent, traditional infrastructure metrics like availability and latency are no longer sufficient on their own to measure reliability. What should we use instead?

  T-sato — Mercari

Here’s a primer on chaos testing in Kubernetes, including a tutorial on using CNCF’s LitmusChaos tool to perform chaos experiments in your cluster. It’s more than just a tutorial, because it covers theoretical topics like chaos testing anti-patterns.

   Josephine Eskaline Joyce — DZone

The problem space seems simple, but the theme here is scale: simple solutions just don’t work in an infrastructure the size of Datadog’s.

  Gabriel Reid — Datadog

This second installment focuses on operational complexity and strategic decision-making for large-scale initiatives. The article covers when to use formal programs versus working groups, how to leverage prioritization to reduce operational burden, and strategies for phased rollouts that balance technical complexity with agility.

  Konstantin Rohleder — HelloFresh

This article challenges the assumption that popular DevOps practices are universally beneficial, arguing that teams should evaluate whether practices like Kubernetes, SLOs, or GitOps actually solve their specific problems rather than adopting them because “everyone else does.”

  Tom Elliott — The Friday Deploy

This short post covers: * Why does this distinction matter? * An illustration to build a memorable base * Quotes from Google’s books

  Alex Ewerlöf

Salesforce posted an analysis of their major outage on June 10. An autmated update restarted networking, and routing rules ended up in a bad state. This is remarkably similar to Datadog’s incident in March of 2023.

  Salesforce.

In this article, the author likens LLMs to magic, in that they’re a black box in some ways. That has implications for how we go about building reliable systems around them.

  Lorin Hochstein

An executive learns a valuable lesson about the ways they can be useful during an incident — and ways they might inadvertently cause disruption.

  Hamed Silatani — Uptime Labs

This article is a summary of a new paper on how to figure out if your system is susceptible to metastable failure modes.

  Murat Demirbas

This article explores how modern teams can effectively implement, track, and leverage CFR [Change Failure Rate] to drive continuous improvement in their delivery pipelines.

   Saumen Biswas — DZone

A primer on the theory and practice of circuit breakers, including example code using Resilience4j.

   Narendra Lakshmana gowda — DZone

Airbnb introduces their internal load testing framework, Impulse, and shares details about how they perform load testing at scale.

  Chenhao Yang — Airbnb

In this first of a three-part series, HelloFresh introduces their effort to manage complexity. They start by showing what they stand to gain and then introduce high-level strategies.

  Konstantin Rohleder — HelloFresh

On Thursday, GCP had a major incident, returning 500 errors for many services worldwide. Click through for Google’s incident report.

  Google

Cloudflare’s KV service has a dependency on GCP, and Cloudflare posted this report on their incident.

  Jeremy Hartman and CJ Desai — Cloudflare

Lorin Hochstein’s perspective on an incident report often makes me see things I didn’t in my first pass.

  Lorin Hochstein

Should you escalate early or avoid pulling folks in unless absolutely necessary? This article goes into these questions and beyond, delving into the definition and purpose of escalation.

  Hamed Silatani — Uptime Labs

How do we ensure the reliability of an LLM-based system? Can we apply traditional SRE principles and techniques to AI? This article gave me a lot to think about.

  Denys Vasyliev — The New Stack

In this blog post, we’ll discuss our experiences in identifying the challenges associated with EC2 network throttling. We’ll also delve into how we developed network performance monitoring for the Pinterest EC2 fleet and discuss various techniques we implemented to manage network bursts, ensuring dependable network performance for our critical online serving workloads.

  Jia Zhan and Sachin Holla — Pinterest

High Availability keeps things stable in small failures. DR is the safety net for large-scale disasters.

After explaining why HA by itself isn’t enough, this article covers strategies, costs, and best practices for disaster recovery.

   Yakaiah Bommishetti — HackerNoon

This article explains how observability costs can ramp up quickly, especially if we’re not careful about what data we store.

There’s a lot of nuance here, and the author posted this followup the next day after receiving many responses.

   Leon Adato

the idea that the highest ROI for risk reduction work is in the highest severity incidents is not a fact, it’s a hypothesis that simply isn’t supported by data.

  Lorin Hochstein

Incidents are bad, so should we try to have fewer of them? This article challenges the assumptions contained within that goal and suggests other ways to frame one’s thinking.

  Hamed Silatani — Uptime Labs.

This guide goes deeply into the details of how Prometheus uses memory, and then it shows you how to get a handle on it.

  Vladimir Guryanov — Palark

This article discusses the DNS-related challenges encountered at Mercari on our Kubernetes clusters and the significant improvements achieved by implementing Node-Local DNS Cache.

  Satyadarshi Sanu — Mercari

In this post we’ll explore the fundamentals of distributed consensus, compare the dominant consensus algorithms Paxos and Raft, and examine recent implementations like Kafka Raft.

  Narendra Reddy Sanikommu — DEV

A discussion of two techniques the folks at Cash App used to improve their reliability: adopting a two-cluster topology with Kubernetes, and using Amazon’s Fault Injection Service to simulate the failure of an availability zone.

  Dustin Ellis, Deepak Garg, Ben Apprederisse, Jan Zantinge, and Rachel Sheikh — Amazon

Reading this one taught me a couple of techniques I wasn’t aware of for finding queries in need of optimization in MySQL.

  Vinicius Grippa — Readyset

Ouch — and a great learning opportunity for all of us:

When our backend circuit breakers triggered, aggressive websocket reconnect logic initiated on every connected client at once, further overwhelming an already stressed database.

  Jake Cooper — Railway